{"id":7809,"date":"2021-08-20T10:34:43","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T08:34:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/golem.ai\/blog\/biais-algorithmes-ia\/"},"modified":"2022-04-22T11:54:50","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T09:54:50","slug":"biais-algorithmes-ia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miralia.ai\/en\/blog\/biais-algorithmes-ia","title":{"rendered":"Intelligence artificielle : savoir expliquer les biais"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Bien que le fantasme d\u2019une intelligence artificielle autonome et malveillante subsiste, les potentiels biais associ\u00e9s aux algorithmes sont eux bien r\u00e9els. Biais cognitifs, biais de donn\u00e9es, discrimination\u2026 D\u00e9couvrez l\u2019interview de Jean-Denis Garo, Head of Marketing chez Golem.ai qui partage sa vision sur un sujet qui anime de plus en plus les acteurs et utilisateurs d\u2019IA.<\/h3>\n<h2>Qu\u2019est ce qu\u2019un biais ?<\/h2>\n<p>On d\u00e9nombrerait plus de <strong>180 biais diff\u00e9rents<\/strong>, des biais de jugement, de raisonnement\u2026 dans le traitement statistique des donn\u00e9es il existe, par exemple, des biais d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillonnage (collecte de donn\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s d\u2019un \u00e9chantillon non repr\u00e9sentatif). De plus, la polys\u00e9mie du mot biais est souvent source de confusion alors que la Commission europ\u00e9enne vient de publier un projet de r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019IA.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;engouement autour de l\u2019IA suscite aussi des questions nouvelles \u00e0 propos des biais qu\u2019elle pourrait porter. Dans ce contexte les biais peuvent avoir plusieurs origines, principalement deux : l&rsquo;humain et la composition des donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h2>Est-il vain de rechercher l\u2019objectivit\u00e9 chez l\u2019humain ?<\/h2>\n<p>Si les biais cognitifs ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas conscients, la source principale de biais reste donc l\u2019humain, et ce quelque soit le type d\u2019IA utilis\u00e9e (symbolique ou connexioniste). C\u2019est parce qu&rsquo;ils sont \u00e9crits par des humains, eux -m\u00eames porteurs de biais et qu&rsquo;ils r\u00e9pliquent ces biais, que <strong>les algorithmes peuvent \u00eatre biais\u00e9s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Vincent Berthet nous rappelle ainsi dans son ouvrage* que \u201cles travaux exp\u00e9rimentaux de Daniel Kahneman et Amos Tversky ont donn\u00e9 corps au concept de rationalit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e.\u201d Ces deux psychologues nous expliquent comment l\u2019humain produit des jugements en situation d\u2019incertitude et, en particulier, comment des raccourcis cognitifs (heuristiques) biaisent son jugement. Circonstance aggravante dans le cas du machine learning, l\u2019IA est souvent entra\u00een\u00e9e sur la base d\u2019exemples connus, s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s par un humain&#8230; Pourtant <strong>une diff\u00e9rence majeure existe entre les diff\u00e9rents types d\u2019IA<\/strong> : l\u2019explicablit\u00e9 propos\u00e9e par l\u2019IA symbolique permet, elle, de d\u00e9busquer les biais et de les corriger.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019autre source de biais provient de l&rsquo;essence m\u00eame des donn\u00e9es : le biais des donn\u00e9es, ou GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out), ou comment des informations erron\u00e9es donnent des r\u00e9sultats inexacts. Un risque li\u00e9 au caract\u00e8re de leur s\u00e9lection, \u00e0 leur coh\u00e9rence, \u00e0 leur pertinence, \u00e0 leur actualisation, \u00e0 leur quantit\u00e9\u2026 qui sont autant de facteurs de biais.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/golem.ai\/fr\/ressources\/livre-blanc-experts-ia-interfaces\/\"><strong>T\u00e9l\u00e9chargez notre livre blanc<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/golem.ai\/fr\/ressources\/livre-blanc-experts-ia-interfaces\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/lJEfDhcpf6qje9bDo4v8g5Iiepg1yi2IEBwtOupIskMPaXZtr_mu3NYXLjfD8zzTyKXl3wt1MTfvPLFe9XKW1Zn6N6Ge4LIxKhs_vH_F6fwXVkjSPKQCq23f0UeZ2Vk2QpCHm31z\" width=\"186\" height=\"263\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bien que le fantasme d\u2019une intelligence artificielle autonome et malveillante subsiste, les potentiels biais associ\u00e9s aux algorithmes sont eux bien r\u00e9els.<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7809","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comprendre les biais dans l&#039;intelligence artificielle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Quels sont 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